- Over the course of 500 years of European history, society and social perceptions often changed to accommodate new situations. During the Middle Ages, very little changed and the status quo was maintained, however the Renaissance started to reshape Europe when it came around. Firstly, it was fueled by the rising middle class, and it introduced philosophy that was unheard of, which resulted in sweeping social change for the class of shopkeepers and traders that started working when the trade with India began. The Enlightenment brought even more social change and "dangerous" ideas such as all men are equal and that every man has god-given rights. Further revolutions and ideologies during the 19th century bring about a shift in the roles of various groups within society, namely women. The tumult of the World Wars brought about social liberalism then severe conservatism.
B) Top 10 People:
- Christopher Columbus
- 1451-1506
- Was a Genoese explorer who worked for the Spanish Crown and inadvertent discovered the New World while trying to find a shortcut to India.
- Columbus controversially hurt many of the native Tainos and is looked upon by many as a visionary and by many as a despised imperialist.
2. Louis XIV
- Ruled 1643-1715
- King of France who's main goal while ruling was to make France the strongest country in Europe. Also called the "Sun King"
- Under Louis, French absolutism reached its peak. His motto was "L'etat, c'est moi!" (I am the State). Louis had vigorous foreign policy in order to achieve his goal.
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3. Oliver Cromwell
- 1653-1658
- English military and political leader who overthrew the Charles I and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
- Cromwell constituted military dictatorship in England, called the protectorate.
4. Louis Phillipe
- 1773-1850
- Was the last true King of France
- He assumed the throne following Charles X's death and ruled until he was forced to abdicate in 1848.
5. Charles Darwin
- 1809-1882
- Was an English natural scientist and biologist who put forward the theory of evolution.
- He discovered evident of evolution while on a voyage in the Galapagos Islands aboard the HMS Beagle, which he published in a book called On the Origin of Species, which was very controversial.
6. Vincent van Gogh
- 1853-1890
- A Dutch impressionist painter
- His work is notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold color.
7. Giuseppe Mazzini
- Was an Italian political figure who rose to power and led the short-lived Roman Republic.
- 1805-1872
- He was exiled for his republican beliefs but he returned to Rome following the Pope’s removal, but the republic was quickly ousted and he was re-exiled.
8. Adolf Hitler
- 1889-1945
- Was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party that took over Germany in 1933
- He was a World War I veteran who founded the Nazi Party and took over the German government following the Reichstag Fire Decree. He built up the German war machine, which pulled Germany out of the Great Depression and into World War II. He also mass exterminated millions of people he deemed unworthy of living, such as the Jews.
9. Napoleon Bonaparte
- 1804-1814
- French Emperor: Military and Political leader
- Napoleon was France's Enlightened Emperor. He was one of the greatest military commanders of all time, and rose to power with an imperial monarchy.
10. Karl Marx
- Was a German socialist philosopher who co-wrote the Communist Manifesto
- 1818-1883
- He worked closely with Friedrich Engels to create modern Socialism commonly called Marxism, which was based on his work in the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
C) Top 10 Events:
- Western Schism
- 1378-1417
- Was the split from the Catholic Church, also known as the Great Schism.
- Two men simultaneously claimed to be the pope of the Catholic Church. The claims hurt the reputation of the office and caused people to doubt the Catholic Church and its faith.
2. Edict of Nantes
- 1598
- Was an official edict issued by King Henry IV of France allowing religious freedom for Huguenots.
- It allowed Huguenots to practice their religion in 150 cities and allowed them full civil rights
3. Transubstantiation
- Early centuries
- Was the doctrine the Eucharist (wine and bread) changes into the blood and body of Jesus Christ.
- The Catholic Church every mass would have a Eucharist in which when the wine and bread was blessed by the Pope/Priest, a mystical transition happened and the wine became the blood of Jesus and the bread became His flesh.
4. English Reformation
- 16th century
- England broke away from the Pope's power and the Catholic Church
- Under the lead of Henry VII, England broke away from the Catholic Church creating it's own basic religion. The religion was almost exactly like Catholicism. It caused because of the collapse of the feudal system, Christian Humanism, the printing press, and most importantly, the need to get away from the overbearing papacy.
5. French Revolution
- 1789-1799
- The political and social "upheaval" in France
- The different political "parties" based on the social standings of citizens became unsatisfied with the absolute French government. The Revolution consisted of three phases each with a different political group coming to power. It changed the way France's government and social groups worked and affected not only France, but most of Europe.
6. Frankfurt Assembly
- 1834
- Was a parliament of smaller German states that attempt to unite with the Prussians.
- The assembly offered Frederick William IV the crown, but he refused due to their demands of a constitutional monarchy and the assembly quickly dissolved into the German Confederation.
7. Natural Rights/Natural Lawio
- 18th century
- Rights that are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a government that are unalienable and not able to be taken away.
- Natural laws were new concepts of the Enlightenment that changed politics in Europe.
8. Dreyfus Affair
- 1894-1906
- Was a political scandal that wrongly accused and imprisoned a French-Jewish army captain in prison for alleged treason.
- He was accused of selling secrets to the Germans, and was tried in a kangaroo court and sentenced to life imprisonment. As news of the sham trial grew, a social battle began in France over his trial which had him eventually exonerated and freed from prison due to the lack of evidence against him. This incident was one of the major examples of growing antisemitism in Europe.
9. Tabula Rosa
- 18th century
- The theory that individuals are born without built in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience and the way the individual sees things.
- Believed in nurture in the nature vs. nurture argument and was a new concept during the Enlightenment
10. Salon
- 1740-1789
- Social gatherings that began in France. Women held the gatherings in their homes and things such as philosophy, literature, math and science were discussed.
- It gave people a chance to discuss social matters that pertained to the country without having to censor what they had to say.
E) Top Dog Analysis
F)Timeline:
G) Images:
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