- The sheer size of the Napoleonic Wars, which embroiled every major power on the European continent, was big enough that enemies set aside their differences and agreed to work together. This peace was set up by Klemens von Metternich's Congress of Vienna, which ushered in an era of conservatism and the rempowerment of monarchy. The major powers redrew the maps of Europe, but in the process they cut into ethnic regions and oppressed people who had enjoyed relative freedom before. For obvious reasons, people did not enjoy being oppressed, and their newly developed sense of national identity began to reshape the borders of Europe. Most of the revolution began in France but spread throughout Europe and pushed many new ideologies that especially affected multi-national empires like Austria.
- Klemens von Metternich
- 1773-1859
- Was an Austrian diplomat who was very influential during the Napoleonic and post-Napoleonic eras
- He brokered many treaties on behalf of Austria and more or less came up with the Congress of Vienna and served as Austria’s representative.
2. Advisor Talleyrand
- 1754–1838
- Was a French diplomat who worked for every French government before, during, and after the Revolution.
- Despite his great skill and eloquence as a diplomat, he is best known as a traitor to all the governments that he has worked for.
3. Louis Phillipe
- 1773-1850
- Was the last true King of France
- He assumed the throne following Charles X’s death and ruled until he was forced to abdicate in 1848, during which time instituted several reforms that earned him the moniker "Citizen King".
4. Karl Marx
- 1818-1883
- Was a German socialist philosopher who co-wrote the Communist Manifesto
- He worked closely with Friedrich Engels to create modern Socialism commonly called Marxism, which was based on his work in the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
5. Jeremy Bentham
- 1748-1832
- Was an English social reformer who advocated and promoted the philosophy of law.
- He was a staunch supporter of freedom individually and economically and was very influential to many people, including Robert Owen and John Stuart Mill.
6. Guiseppe Mazzini
- 1805-1872
- Was an Italian political figure who rose to power and led the short-lived Roman Republic.
- He was exiled for his republican beliefs but he returned to Rome following the Pope’s removal, but the republic was quickly ousted and he was re-exiled.
7. Otto von Bismarck
- 1815-1898
- Was a German statesman who unified all the German provinces together to create the German Empire.
- He instigated the Franco-Prussian War in an effort to unify the German states and create a German superpower.
8. Bronte Sisters
- 19th Century
- Were a trio of sisters who wrote many hallmark works of the Romantic Era.
- The most famous works that came from this group is Charlotte’s Jane Eyre, Emily’s Wuthering Heights, and Anne’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.
9. Charles Darwin
- 1809-1882
- Was an English natural scientist and biologist who put forward the theory of evolution.
- He discovered evidence of evolution while on a voyage in the Galapagos Islands aboard the HMS Beagle, which he published in a book called On the Origin of Species, which was very contreversial.
10. Ludwig von Beethoven
- 1770-1827
- Was a German composer who composed many works and is considered one of the greatest musicians in history.
- Despite his deafness, Beethoven composed many works that continue to be classics to this day, namely his ode to joy from his 9th symphony, the national anthem of the European Union.
- Marxism
- 19th-21st century
- Was a brand of socialism based on the works of Karl Marx
- He wrote extensively about the ideal socialist state and how the economy, government, and society of said country should function, which was put to work in Communist Russia.
2. Utopian Socialism
- 19th century
- Was a brand of socialism focused on complete social equality and the perfect socialist community.
- Proudhon and many other socialists wrote extensively about what they envisioned as a perfect community and even founded a few minor towns with complete socialism that failed after a few years of operation.
3. Crimean War
- 1853-1856
- Was a conflict between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman empire, with France, England, and Sardinia-Piedmont helping out the latter.
- The conflict started with Russia attempting a take over of the weakened Ottoman empire at the Dardanelles, and France, England, and Sardinia-Piedmont joining on the Ottoman side in this bloody conflict to stop Russian Imperial expansion.
4. Franco-Prussian War
- 1870
- Was a conflict between France and Prussia that was orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck.
- The French were baited into the fight by the Prussians who soundly crushed them and forced the German principalities to align with Prussian to make the German empire.
5. Dreyfus Affair
- 1894-1906
- Was a political scandal that wrongly accused and imprisoned a French Jewish army captain in prison for alleged treason.
- He was accused of selling secrets to the Germans, and was tried in a kangaroo court and sentenced to life imprisonment. As news of the sham trial grew, a social battle began in France over his trial, which had him eventually exonerated and freed from prison due to the lack of evidence against him. This incident was one of the major examples of growing anti-semitism in Europe.
6. Revolutions of 1830
- 1830
- Was a series of revolutions that happened throughout Europe that started in Paris
- The Parisians rebelled against Charles X and replaced him with the popular Louis-Phillipe, which sparked many revolutions throughout Europe that replaced monarchs with constitutional monarchies.
7. Revolutions of 1848
- 1848
- Was a series of revolutions that swept across Europe starting in Paris
- Many oppressed countries and groups tried to throw off their Congress of Vienna imposed rulers, with only limited success due to the superior firepower of the members of the Congress and their massive armies.
8. Frankfurt Assembly
- 1834
- Was a parliament of smaller German states that attempt to unite with the Prussians.
- They offered Fredrick William IV their crown, but he refused due to their demands of a constitutional monarchy and the assembly quickly dissolved into the German Confederation.
9. June Days
- June 1848
- Was a rebellion by the working classes of Paris against the government of Louis Phillipe
- The people formed the Second Republic and after the failure to get a Socialist Republic off the ground, they elected Louis Napoleon III to lead France.
10. Act of Emancipation
- 1861
- The law was signed by Czar Alexander II of Russia and it freed the serfs from being tied to the land.
- This upset the feudal order that had been in place since Muscovy first freed itself from the mongols, and was one of the few success for the Czar's unfortunate reign.
- How did Nationalist movements effect the map of Europe and the balance of power in various regions of the continent?
The dictionary defines nationalism as a "devotion or loyalty to one's own nation", which fits in well in the context of European history. Nationalism was one of the many waves of ideology that swept across Europe during the 19th century, and was one of the few that was the source of real change. While Utilitarianism was an interesting movement, at least philosophically, Nationalistic movements were the ones that caused real, physical change to map of Europe. As waves of revolution swept across Europe, many people inside large empires and small, fractured states banded together through their shared culture and language. This unity was the source of Nationalism and was particularly effective in bringing people together throughout the continent, however the best examples were Greece, Germany, and Italy, who all united their scattered people behind one banner that proudly proclaimed the might of their respective peoples.
The revolution that gave Greeks their own country was the bloodiest conflict Europe since the Napoleonic Wars. The revolution grew out of hatred for the Ottoman Turks who ruled the region since 1453. The ideals of nationalism took root in this region, and 1820's, various revolutionary groups such as the Filiki Eteria grew and pushed forth the idea of an independent Greek state to the oppressed people. As part of a coordinated uprising, many patriotic Greek people rose up across the country and fought the Ottoman Turks. These groups did not however want to get along, but later the ideology of Pan-Hellenism (a nationalistic movement)blossomed and the various factions of Greece found themselves fighting side by side because of their common cultural unity. The sympathetic and greedy great powers of Europe (Great Britain, France, and Russia) decided to join in together to help out the struggling Greek armies for their own personal reasons. regardless of their motives, the allies helped Greece gain her independence in 1832, which was celebrated across the continent as a victory for nationalism.
The Greek example of successful unity was very inspirational to many other nationalistic movements, especially that of Germany. Attempts to unite all the German-speaking countries together had been around since 962 AD, however the weak Holy Roman Empire was incapable of bringing the German people together. Following the start of a Nationalistic movement in Germany, called the Volkgeist in the 1830's, the smaller countries of Germany decided to throw their lot in with the Prussians (most dominate of the German principalities) through an alliance proposed at the Frankfurt Assembly. The deal fell through, but the ideas behind it did not and the German people in Prussia and elsewhere began to bond together thanks to a shared language and culture, which culminated in the creation of the German Empire when the Franco-Prussian war broke out. This time, all the German states save Austria joined in on the Prussian side, which following their overwhelming victory over the French, became the German Empire and the most dominant power on the continent save perhaps the British Empire.
The country of Italy almost entirely owes their country to the German empire, albeit through the indirect actions of the Germans. The Italian Nationalism, called the Risogimento, followed a similar path to the Greek unification in that the formed underground organizations, the most famous of which was the Carbonari, to advocate for national unity from the shadows. The Italians had their country carved up into several large kingdoms following the Napoleonic Wars, and the first effort to unite them into the short-lived Roman Republic failed. Similar to the German unification's initial failure, the Roman Republic's defeat served as an example that would be revisited during the Franco-Prussian War. The Pope had asked the French to help him secure Rome and the Papal States after the first revolution, however when the Franco-Prussian War started, the French pulled out because they needed every available man to combat the German war machine, leaving the path to unification of the entire Italian Peninsula wide open.
Though nationalistic movements may have taken different forms throughout the 19th century, the ideas behind unifying under one banner held true. The Greeks, the first successful nationalistic revolution, may have only succeeded due to intervention by more powerful people, however they served as a powerful example that national unification was in fact possible. The inadvertently intertwined Italian and German unification showed how a group of people with the same language and same culture could pull together and change the map of Europe forever.
The revolution that gave Greeks their own country was the bloodiest conflict Europe since the Napoleonic Wars. The revolution grew out of hatred for the Ottoman Turks who ruled the region since 1453. The ideals of nationalism took root in this region, and 1820's, various revolutionary groups such as the Filiki Eteria grew and pushed forth the idea of an independent Greek state to the oppressed people. As part of a coordinated uprising, many patriotic Greek people rose up across the country and fought the Ottoman Turks. These groups did not however want to get along, but later the ideology of Pan-Hellenism (a nationalistic movement)blossomed and the various factions of Greece found themselves fighting side by side because of their common cultural unity. The sympathetic and greedy great powers of Europe (Great Britain, France, and Russia) decided to join in together to help out the struggling Greek armies for their own personal reasons. regardless of their motives, the allies helped Greece gain her independence in 1832, which was celebrated across the continent as a victory for nationalism.
The Greek example of successful unity was very inspirational to many other nationalistic movements, especially that of Germany. Attempts to unite all the German-speaking countries together had been around since 962 AD, however the weak Holy Roman Empire was incapable of bringing the German people together. Following the start of a Nationalistic movement in Germany, called the Volkgeist in the 1830's, the smaller countries of Germany decided to throw their lot in with the Prussians (most dominate of the German principalities) through an alliance proposed at the Frankfurt Assembly. The deal fell through, but the ideas behind it did not and the German people in Prussia and elsewhere began to bond together thanks to a shared language and culture, which culminated in the creation of the German Empire when the Franco-Prussian war broke out. This time, all the German states save Austria joined in on the Prussian side, which following their overwhelming victory over the French, became the German Empire and the most dominant power on the continent save perhaps the British Empire.
The country of Italy almost entirely owes their country to the German empire, albeit through the indirect actions of the Germans. The Italian Nationalism, called the Risogimento, followed a similar path to the Greek unification in that the formed underground organizations, the most famous of which was the Carbonari, to advocate for national unity from the shadows. The Italians had their country carved up into several large kingdoms following the Napoleonic Wars, and the first effort to unite them into the short-lived Roman Republic failed. Similar to the German unification's initial failure, the Roman Republic's defeat served as an example that would be revisited during the Franco-Prussian War. The Pope had asked the French to help him secure Rome and the Papal States after the first revolution, however when the Franco-Prussian War started, the French pulled out because they needed every available man to combat the German war machine, leaving the path to unification of the entire Italian Peninsula wide open.
Though nationalistic movements may have taken different forms throughout the 19th century, the ideas behind unifying under one banner held true. The Greeks, the first successful nationalistic revolution, may have only succeeded due to intervention by more powerful people, however they served as a powerful example that national unification was in fact possible. The inadvertently intertwined Italian and German unification showed how a group of people with the same language and same culture could pull together and change the map of Europe forever.
E) Top Dog Analysis:
- The most powerful embodiment of the ideals of Nationalism, the strongest and most influential of the "Isms", was the powerful German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Despite his birth to a military family in 1815, Bismarck pursued a career in diplomacy and politics, where he quickly distinguished himself. In 1862, he became the Prime Minister of Prussia and a strong advocate for the Unification of Germany. In his words, "the great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority speeches but by blood and iron". As Chancellor of Germany, he furthered these goals through his use of RealPolitick, which was a very Machiavellian method of international diplomacy that aimed to empower Prussia. He provoked wars with both Austria and France, which kicked Austria out of the German Confederation and decimated France while simultaneously uniting the German principalities under the monarchy of the Hohenzollerns as part of the new German Empire. He also participated actively in the Imperialism of the day, which greatly strengthened the pervasive sense of Nationalistic pride and made Germany the dominant industrial power of the era. Though he was given the boot shortly before World War I, Bismarck was by far the most influential German leader in an era marked by German dominance.
F)Timeline:
G) Images:
http://allahcentric.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/nationalism-carving-up-the-earth.jpg
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